Search for Heavy Neutral Higgs Bosons in the $\tau^+\tau^-$ Final State in LHC Proton-Proton Collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13\,\mathrm{TeV}$ with the ATLAS Detector

There are experimental and theoretical indications that the Standard Model of particle physics, although tremendously successful, is not sufficient to describe the universe, even at energies well below the Planck scale. One of the most promising new theories to resolve major open questions, the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, predicts additional neutral and charged Higgs bosons, among other new particles. For the search of the new heavy neutral bosons, the decay into two hadronically decaying tau leptons is especially interesting, as in large parts of the search parameter space it has the second largest branching ratio while allowing for a considerably better background rejection than the leading decay into $b$-quark pairs. This search, based on proton-proton collisions recorded at $\sqrt{s} = 13\,\mathrm{TeV}$ in 2015 and early 2016 by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, is presented in this thesis. No significant deviation from the Standard Model expectation is observed and CL$_\mathrm{s}$ exclusion limits are determined, both model-independent and in various MSSM benchmark scenarios. The MSSM exclusion limits are significantly stronger compared to previous searches, due to the increased collision energy and improvements of the event selection and background estimation techniques. The upper limit on $\tan\beta$ at $95\,\%$ confidence level in the $m_h^{\mathrm{mod}+}$ MSSM benchmark scenario ranges from $10$ at $m_A = 300\,\mathrm{GeV}$ to $48$ at $m_A = 1.2\,\mathrm{TeV}$.