Gaseous detectors: operating principles, applications and simulations

Gaseous detectors have always played an important role in the field of high-energy particle physics. In this report, the operating principles of different types of gaseous detectors used in high-energy physics experiments are presented, followed by the application of gaseous detectors in various fields and the environmental issues of gaseous detectors operation. In addition, the programme Garfield++ that is commonly used for gaseous detectors simulation is introduced. Lastly, computer simulation of electron avalanche inside an GEM using Garfield++ is carried out to investigate the effect of gas composition and impurities on GEM performance.