Revamp of the Epstein frame measurement system for characterising magnetic materials

Magnetic components are widely used in particle accelerators. In other fields like the industrial sector, magnets are often used as magnetic sweepers, sorters, and to separate impure metals during metal manufacturing or recycling. Magnets are also used in on-off applications, such as cranes sued for heavy lifting. In electronic applications, magnets are used in speakers, televisions, telephones, radios, and videotapes. There are two types of magnets: permanent magnets and temporary magnets. Temporary magnets can be useful in applications that generate a temporary magnetic field and require a magnetic response for the duration of the field [1]. Electromagnets are temporary magnets, which means they act like magnets when current passes through the coil of the magnet. It is possible to control the magnetic properties of an electromagnet by controlling the current [1]. Electromagnets are made of soft iron or silicon steel and are used in electrical machines like motor and generator [2]. Permanent magnets are used to manufacture motors, refrigerator magnets, as well as in jewellery making [1]. Magnetism of a material can be lost at the Curie temperature. The Curie temperature is the critical point at which a material's intrinsic magnetic moments change direction. Spontaneous alignment of magnetic moments occurs below Curie temperature, which means magnetic properties get weaker on higher temperatures [3].